BEPHAP: A Blockchain-based Efficient Privacy-Preserving Handover Authentication Protocol with key agreement for Internet of Vehicles

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) can significantly improve transportation efficiency and ensure traffic safety. Authentication is regarded as the fundamental defense line against attacks in IoV. However, state-of-the-art approaches suffer from several drawbacks, including bottlenecks single cloud server model, high computational overhead operations, excessive trust servers roadside units (RSUs), leakage vehicle trajectory privacy. This paper introduces BEPHAP, a Blockchain-based Efficient Privacy-preserving Handover Protocol with key agreement for internet vehicles, to address these problems. BEPHAP achieves anonymous cross-domain mutual handover authentication based on tamper-proof blockchain, symmetric cryptography, chameleon hash function under security model that RSUs may launch attacks. particularly well suited IoV since it allows vehicles only perform lightweight cryptographic operations during authentication. also data confidentiality, unlinkability, traceability, non-repudiation, non-frameability, escrow freeness. Formal verification ProVerif formal proofs BAN logic indicates resistant various typical attacks, such man-in-the-middle impersonation replay Performance analysis demonstrates surpasses existing works both computation communication efficiencies. It worth noting reduces cost by 2 4 orders magnitude compared current schemes. And message loss rate remains 0 at 5000 requests per second, which meets requirement